Journal of Economics, Innovative Management and Entrepreneurship
The Journal of Economics, Innovative Management, and Entrepreneurship stands as a paramount platform in the realm of academic publications, dedicated to fostering and disseminating cutting-edge research in the interdisciplinary fields of economics, management, and entrepreneurship. With an unwavering commitment to advancing knowledge and contributing to the scholarly discourse, this journal serves as a beacon for academics, researchers, and practitioners seeking to explore, analyze, and understand the dynamic intersections of these pivotal domains. ISSN: 3029-0791 Frequency: Quarterly | Languages: English | Publisher: European Institute of Knowledge and Innovation -EIKI LTD. | Country: United Kingdom Gold Open Access
European Institute of knowledge and innovation (EIKI LTD)
Acceptability of Coconut Husk Sound Absorbing Panel
Noise pollution negatively affects comfort, productivity, and health. This study develops and evaluates a coconut husk sound absorber panel as a sustainable, low-cost alternative to synthetic acoustic materials. Coconut husks, an abundant agricultural by-product, offer a porous and fibrous structure that can trap sound waves. The panel was made from 500 g ground coconut husk and 1 kg sodium silicate shaped into a 20 × 20 × 2 cm mold. Tests were conducted in a residential room using a mobile sound meter to compare noise levels before and after panel installation. Results showed an average noise reduction of 6.7 dB. The panel was also observed to be lightweight, eco-friendly, aesthetically natural, and more affordable than commercial acoustic products. This study supports the potential of coconut husk as an environmentally responsible material for noise reduction in indoor spaces.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ainnie Sestoso, Marjorie Lausa, Mark Henry Cabanero, Roi Benson Cabilan, Marvs https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Navigating Market Access Challenges in Community-Based Pharmacy Business within Uyo Metropolis
The community-based pharmacy practice has evolved and nowadays has been a combination of enhanced pharmacy services and engagement for the stakeholders and business opportunities for standalone establishments all over the world. This study explores market access challenges faced by community pharmacies in Uyo metropolis and identifies strategies to overcome them. The re-searcher adopted an exploratory research design and utilized an open-ended questionnaire to collect data from registered community-based pharmacists in Akwa Ibom State and their customers, who were 105 in attendance, and they participated in a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) held at Ibom Hall, IBB Way, Uyo, on June 19, 2025. Findings reveal that a customer-centric approach is required to build strong relationships with stakeholders within the pharmaceuticals industry. This includes understanding the needs of policymakers, patients, and payers, and demonstrating the value of a product through data and analysis and regular customer engagements, and relationship building. This could be achieved by implementing strategies like Strategic Account Management (SAM); community pharmacies can create collaborative relationships, build trust, and improve market access. Other strategies include: analyzing the costs and benefits of a product/service through the Health Economics and Outcomes Research (HEOR), compared to other treatments, can demonstrate its value to payers, utilizing digital initiatives like; patient support programs, digital marketing & data analytics, "and” adapting to the evolving Healthcare Landscape like; technology, etc. These were the other major findings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Imoh C. Uford https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Mycelium-Based Panel: A Sustainable Medium for Creative Application
This study explores the development and evaluation of mycelium-based panels as a sustainable material for creative and installation applications. Grounded in sustainability theory and the increasing demand for eco-friendly alternatives, the research investigates how agricultural waste substrates such as rice straw and sawdust can be transformed into viable structural panels using fungal mycelium as a natural binding agent. The study utilized an exploratory-descriptive design, including substrate preparation, inoculation, molding, incubation, and drying, followed by systematic observation and respondent evaluations. Results revealed panels with natural beige-brown coloration, fibrous texture, moderate density, porosity, and mild earthy odor, indicating successful colonization and material stability. Evaluation through Likert-scale responses showed strong acceptance in terms of performance, reliability, adaptability, aesthetics, and sustainability, highlighting their usability for indoor installations and creative applications. The findings suggest that mycelium panels provide a functional, biodegradable, and visually appealing alternative to conventional panel materials, demonstrating promise for future eco-focused design innovations. The study concludes that mycelium panels offer practical benefits while supporting environmental responsibility, and recommends further refinement of substrate mixtures, mechanical testing, and full-scale installation trials to optimize their potential in sustainable design contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Marithel Cadusale, Dr. Mario B. Pardillo, Dr. Ve Leslie Atanoza, Harvey Christian R. Rubas, Quennie Arrianne Gesim, Shannon Chasty C. Soroño, Joseph Daniel Andrade https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Sustainable Plant Pot Using Rice Husk Biochar for Improve Water Retention
This study evaluates the performance of charcoal-based plant pots formulated using rice husk biochar as a sustainable alternative to traditional terracotta pots. Three mixtures with varying charcoal–clay ratios were developed and tested under controlled greenhouse conditions to determine their effects on soil pH stability, moisture retention, plant height, and plant weight. An observational research design was employed, and data were collected weekly over a four-week growth period. Results show that Treatment 2 (150 g charcoal, 40% terracotta clay, 50 g natural adhesive) demonstrated the most stable soil pH range (6.0-7.0), the highest moisture retention, and superior plant growth, producing the tallest plants (20 cm) and the greatest weight (4.0 g). Compared to traditional terracotta pots, charcoal-based pots improved water retention, maintained a more balanced soil environment, and enhanced plant development. These findings highlight the potential of biochar-integrated pots as an environmentally friendly and effective option for gardening and agricultural applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Frank Kishore Juarez, Ve Leslie Atanoza, Mario Pardillo, James Meckaell Brignas, Daren Paglinawan, Ria Mae Bulat-ag, Join Malingin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Perceived Organizational Support and Health Care Service Quality
This study focused on perceived organizational support and healthcare service quality in selected tertiary public health institutions in Southern Nigeria. The purpose of the study was to explore the effects of perceived organizational support on healthcare service quality in the selected public health institutions. The specific objectives of the study were to examine how components of organizational support like employer support, supervisor support, and coworker support, influenced the healthcare service quality in the sampled institutions. Appropriate research questions were raised and corresponding hypotheses tested to prosecute the study. The research utilized a cross-sectional research design which was executed by conducting a survey. The participants of the study were 244 employees across the sampled health institutions. The study used a well-structured questionnaire as the data collection instrument. The data was analyzed and the hypotheses tested using regression analysis. The findings show that all the components of organizational support studied significantly influenced healthcare service quality. The study concludes that organizational support is vitally important for improved healthcare quality and recommends that the management of the sampled health institutions should continue to focus on policies and programs that would promote perceived levels of organizational support to help improve the healthcare service quality offered to patients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Samuel Adedoyin, Ufoma O. Akpobire, Victor A. Oyakhire., Keonyenasoa Odijie https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Cacao Production: Status and Prospects in Aleosan, Cotabato
This study aimed to determine the current status of cacao production in Aleosan, Cotabato, Philippines, including the challenges faced by farmers and their future prospects. A descriptive research design was used to survey 58 cacao farmers who are members of the Aleosan Cacao Farmers Association (ACFA). The study also revealed that most pressing challenge faced by cacao farmers is the lack of access to experts, followed by price fluctuation, disease outbreak and lack of market outlet. Despite these challenges, most farmers have potential areas for expansion of at least one hectare of land available. The study highlights the need for support services, including expert guidance, technical assistance, and access to market, to improve the productivity and livelihoods of smallholder cacao farmers in Aleosan. The farmers also suggested solutions to improve cacao production, including market linkages, price support, training and technical assistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Glenn Demillo, Cryzel Joy Blabagno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and Evaluation of a Smart Trash Bin for Automated Waste Segregation and Sustainable Management at CTU-Main Campus
This study explores the design, development, and evaluation of a Smart Trash Bin (STB) that automatically segregates wastes in three different categories (1. Dry, 2. Wet, 3. Metal) to address the growing issue in traditional waste disposal practices. Based on the sustainability frameworks and the need for technological innovation in waste management, this project integrates the sensor and motorized mechanisms to classify wastes into dry, wet, and metal categories. Using a quasi-experimental design, the STB prototype was made of an inductive, infrared, and moisture sensor that is connected to an Arduino-based control system, then it was tested through technical trials and user-based evaluation involving 157 respondents at Cebu Technological University-Main Campus. The results showed high sorting accuracy with weighted means of 4.43 for the dry waste, 4.39 for wet waste, and 4.21 in metal waste, all interpreted as highly effective. Compared with existing bins in the campus, the STB showed better efficiency and helps reduce human error, while respondents rated its performance, usability, and design as effective (overall mean = 4.10). Recommendations highlighted increasing bin capacity, enhancing feedback features, and putting solar power. In summary, the results indicate that the STB is a practical and scalable solution that supports sustainable waste management if it is implemented in educational and public spaces.
Copyright (c) 2026 Leisheree Ann Bangot, Klent Lloyd Delos Santos, Mario B. Pardillo, Dr. Ve Leslie Atanoza, Keith Melvin B. Empis, Daniela N. Equibal, Trystine E. Sael https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sustainable Thermal Solutions: Assesing Recyled Plastic for Ceiling Insulation
This study investigates the use of utilizing recycled plastics, polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as alternative ceiling insulation materials. Motivated by escalating plastic pollution and the growing demand for sustainable construction practices, the research examines the thermal efficiency, durability, reliability, and user acceptability of recycled plastic-based Ceiling Plastic Insulator (CPI). A quasi-experimental research design was employed, incorporating controlled fabrication trials, thermal performance evaluation using a prototype housing model, long-term natural weathering exposure, and biological resistance testing against mold and pests. Additionally, survey data were gathered from homeowners, construction professionals, and government personnel to assess perceptions and willingness to adopt the CPI. Results indicate that among the tested materials, PP exhibited the most favorable thermal performance, recording the lowest surface temperature (34.8°C), followed by HDPE (36.1°C) and PET (39.7°C). All recycled plastics demonstrated high durability, showing no observable degradation, discoloration, or biological growth after nine months of outdoor exposure. Survey findings revealed strong positive acceptance, with 86.7% of respondents expressing willingness to use the CPI, primarily due to its potential for energy savings and environmental benefits. The study concludes that recycled plastic,s particularly PP and HDPE, present a viable, durable, and sustainable alternative for ceiling insulation applications. Their demonstrated thermal effectiveness, resistance to environmental and biological stressors, and high user acceptability support their integration into environmentally responsible building systems. Further research is recommended to enhance fabrication methods, assess large-scale performance, and evaluate long-term installation outcomes in real residential settings.
Recyled Plastic Insulator; Sustainable Construction Materials; Thermal Efficiency , Environmental Sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jeson P. Jumao-as, Mario B. Pardillo, Ve Leslie Atanoza, Melody G. Marzon, Kent V. Cabal, Novie Janne Jomio, Karen D. Abitona https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Sustainable Dishwashing Paste Using Coconut Husk Ash for Cleaning Efficiency, Perceived Antibacterial Effectiveness, and User Acceptability
The growing demand for sustainable household products highlights the need for cleaning solutions that balance functional performance, consumer acceptance, and economic feasibility. This study evaluates EcoScent Dishwashing Paste, a dishwashing formulation incorporating coconut husk ash as a value-adding agricultural by-product, with emphasis on user acceptability and cost feasibility as indicators of potential market adoption. An experimental and descriptive research design was employed, involving user-based testing under normal household and small-scale food service conditions. Data were collected from 50 respondents through structured surveys assessing perceived cleaning efficiency, sensory attributes, skin-friendliness, and perceived antibacterial effectiveness. Results indicate that the dishwashing paste demonstrated satisfactory cleaning performance and was generally well accepted in terms of ease of use, scent, and overall user experience. A cost analysis further suggests that the product can be produced at a relatively low unit cost, supporting its feasibility for small-scale or community-based production. From a sustainability and management perspective, the utilization of coconut husk ash supports circular economy principles by converting agricultural waste into a functional household product. Overall, the findings suggest that coconut husk ash–based dishwashing paste has potential as a sustainable and economically viable alternative within the household cleaning market.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mario Pardillo, Ve Leslie Atanoza, Rica Palomas, Jane Marie Hayag, Aizamie Angcon, Joan Travero https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ErgoLift Clothes Pole: Effortless Lifting for Convenient Drying
Laundry drying remains a physically demanding task for many households and laundry businesses, especially when handling heavy wet clothes. Traditional drying poles require manual lifting, which can strain the shoulders, arms, and back, particularly among elderly individuals, those with mobility limitations, and laundromat workers handling large batches of laundry. The ErgoLift Clothes Pole, an AutoLift drying system inspired by umbrella mechanics, offers an ergonomic and accessible solution through its switch-button height-adjustment mechanism. This study aims to evaluate the usability, durability, and market potential of the ErgoLift Clothes Pole in Barangay Tisa, Cebu City. Using a descriptive research design, data were collected through surveys, interviews, and observations among households and laundromats. Findings indicate that the lifting mechanism reduces physical strain, improves efficiency, and enhances user comfort. Respondents expressed strong preference for adjustable, durable, and rust-resistant materials. Laundry businesses also recognized its potential to lessen worker fatigue and streamline workflow. Results suggest high market demand for ergonomic drying equipment, especially in compact living spaces and commercial laundry settings. Recommendations include improving material strength, expanding size variations, and optimizing cost for market competitiveness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Janelle Grace Pestaño, Keannedrae Dumoran, Shahanie Calo, Maria Niña Joy Rama, Ken Clifford Provida, Mario Pardillo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Graying of Rotary International: Organizational Inertia, Cultural Resistance, and the Struggle for Generational Renewal
Rotary International, one of the world’s largest voluntary service organizations, faces a demographic and cultural paradox. Notwithstanding its formal frameworks for annual leadership rotation and succession, its membership persists in aging, while authentic generational renewal is constrained. This study analyzes the structural and cultural factors underlying this paradox through the theoretical frameworks of organizational inertia and Michels’ “iron law of oligarchy.” The examination con-textualizes Rotary’s challenges within wider sociological trends impacting enduring voluntary associations. The results indicate that formal leadership rotation frequently conceals established power structures and cultural opposition to change, leading to symbolic rather than meaningful regeneration. Furthermore, younger professionals frequently encounter tokenistic inclusion, which perpetuates disengagement and demographic disparity. The paper contends that overcoming these problems necessitates transcending structural reforms in favor of cultural transformation via intergenerational leadership teams, phased succession, and mentorship systems. This study enhances comprehension of how voluntary organizations can reconcile tradition with innovation and maintain intergenerational continuity in the twenty-first century through the integration of theoretical and comparative ideas.
Copyright (c) 2025 Konstantinos T. Kotsis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Level of Effectiveness of Electronic Payment and Collection Systemfor Real Property Tax in the Local Government Unit of Ajuy
This study assessed the level of effectiveness of the Electronic Payment and Collection System (EPCS) for Real Property Tax (RPT) implemented by the Local Government Unit (LGU) of Ajuy, Iloilo. Guided by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the research employed a descriptive survey method to evaluate the system’s efficiency, accessibility, reliability, transparency, and user satisfaction. Three hundred (300) respondents, composed of taxpayers, LGU personnel, IT staff, and local officials, participated in the study. Data were collected through a validated and reliable questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage. Results revealed that the EPCS was rated very effective across all five dimensions, with transparency obtaining the highest mean rating, indicating strong public trust and accountability in financial transactions. Efficiency and reliability were also rated highly, suggesting that the system enhanced convenience and accuracy in tax collection. Accessibility received the lowest rating, mainly due to limited internet access and digital literacy among some users. Demographic factors showed that middle-aged and more frequent users perceived the system as more effective. Overall, findings indicate that the EPCS significantly improved Ajuy’s tax administration in terms of efficiency, transparency, and user satisfaction. It is recommended that the LGU enhance internet infrastructure in the LGU, conduct regular digital literacy training sessions for taxpayers and LGU employees, expand public awareness campaigns, provide alternative access points to establish kiosks or mobile service centers, and also expand payment channels by integrating mobile wallets like GCash, PayMaya, and other accessible platforms.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rosemarie Libradilla, Maria Kristina C. Ortiz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Interplay of Strategic Vision and Leadership Communication in the Nigerian Public Sector
The study considered the Interplay of Strategic Vision and Leadership Communication in Driving Public Sector Reform in Nigeria. A quantitative research design was employed, and data were gathered using structured questionnaires administered to 210 employees in various Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs). The study assessed the roles of strategic vision, leadership communication, and employee empowerment in driving successful change initiatives. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis revealed that strategic leadership has a positive influence on organizational changes. Whereas communication by leadership decreases resistance to change, employee participation and empowerment maximize engagement and reform sustainability. This suggests a need for public sector leaders to engage with change intentionally, through a vision, and inclusivity. Therefore, the study maintains that strategic leadership is paramount for the successful implementation of reforms in public institutions and recommends disseminating leadership development and research among various governmental and private institutions for comparative purposes.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sunday Bello, Abdulrahman Alhassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
An Empirical Study on the Impact of External Debt and Savings on Economic Growth in Vietnam
This study analyzes the relationship between external debt, debt service obligations, and gross savings on Vietnam’s economic growth during 1996 – 2023 by applying an autoregressive distributed lag model combined with cointegration tests. The results indicate that in the long term, external debt has a positive impact on growth, confirming its role as a financial resource for development when effectively managed and utilized. In contrast, debt service obligations exhibit a negative effect, reflecting fiscal pressure and the risk of investment crowding out. Although gross savings have a positive influence on growth, the effect remains relatively unclear, suggesting that this potential should be more strongly leveraged and promoted in long-term development strategies. Notably, debt service obligations have a positive impact on national income in the short term, possibly stemming from improved market confidence and national creditworthiness following timely debt repayments. The findings of this study are compared with previous domestic and international research, thereby highlighting the similarities, differences, and specific policy implications for Vietnam. Consequently, this study contributes additional empirical evidence for the formulation of sustainable fiscal policies and strategic mobilization of resources to support future economic growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nguyen The Khang, Do Gioan Hao https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Creativity and Innovation as Drivers of Entrepreneurial Success in the Out-of-Home Advertising Industry in Lagos, Nigeria
This study investigates how creativity and innovation affect entrepreneurial success in Lagos’ Out-of-Home (OOH) advertising sector. Lagos’ fast urbanization and technological advancements have made it more and more necessary for advertising industry entrepreneurs to employ creative and innovative tactics to remain competitive. The study collected information from 126 respondents via questionnaires and interviews using a descriptive, cross-sectional survey approach. According to the findings, more than 94% of participants agreed that creativity and innovation are essential for operational success, competitive advantage, and corporate growth. The regression analysis affirmed that these characteristics and entrepreneurial performance had a statistically significant positive connection (β = 0.408, p < 0.000). Entrepreneurs continue to encounter obstacles like high innovation costs, regulatory constraints, and restricted access to creative people, even in the face of opportunities brought about by technology, market demand, and supporting policies. However, there are encouraging avenues for future innovation in the changing business climate. The study concludes that encouraging innovation and originality is crucial to maintaining business performance in Lagos’ OOH advertising industry. To get past obstacles, it suggests government assistance, legislation changes, and strategic investments. The results close a knowledge gap and provide useful information for advertising entrepreneurs and policymakers alike.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sunday Bello, Ambrose https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Credit Portfolio Quality of Specialized Lending Institutions Licensed by the Palestinian Monetary Authority
This study evaluates the composition and quality of credit portfolios held by specialized lending institutions licensed and supervised by the Palestinian Monetary Authority (PMA) over the period 2020-2024. Using annual cross‑sectional data from four purposively selected institutions which together represent 69.7% of the sector’s active portfolio and 62.25% of working units, we analyze sectoral portfolio composition and risk using the Portfolio at Risk (PAR) indicator. Non‑parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis) are employed to compare risk across sector groups (productive, consumer, and residential) and within productive subsectors. Results show that housing consistently dominates active portfolios, commercial and services tend to be the smallest shares, and risk patterns vary markedly across institutions and years. The consumer sector exhibits the highest sensitivity in PAR during 2023-2024, while housing remains comparatively less risky. Evidence indicates no significant difference between productive and consumer PAR in 2020-2022, but a significant divergence appears in 2023-2024. Similarly, there is no significant difference between productive and residential PAR across all years, and no significant differences among productive subsectors. Findings support portfolio diversification, targeted risk controls for consumer lending, and capacity building for credit officers and borrowers. The paper closes with policy recommendations and avenues for future research.
Finance and Banking and accounting department
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammed Bayyoud, Ibrahim Mohammad Ateeq https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Organisational Communication via Social Media and Customers Perception of Brand Reputation of Commercial Banks in Nigeria
This study investigated the effect of social media communication on customers’ perceived reputation of commercial banks in Nigeria. Specifically, it sought to examine the extent of customers’ exposure to social media messages disseminated by commercial banks, the responsiveness of banks to customer complaints via social media, and how social media-based organisational communication influences customers’ perception of bank reputation. The study was anchored on Media Richness Theory by Daft and Lengel. A survey research design was employed, targeting residents of Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. Based on an estimated population of 563,000 and using Taro Yamane’s formula at a 5% margin of error, a sample size of 399 was determined. Multistage sampling was used: cluster sampling first divided the city into wards, then simple random sampling selected participants from each cluster. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, pilot-tested for reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha = 0.84). Findings showed that 77.3% of respondents reported regularly seeing bank posts on social media, with the highest weighted mean of 3.04, indicating high exposure. While 62.2% acknowledged timely responses to social media complaints, only 44.7% agreed their issues were fully resolved (mean = 2.57), reflecting moderate satisfaction. Regarding reputation, 71.1% believed their bank has a good image due to its online presence, with the highest mean of 3.02 recorded for perceived reputability based on online responsiveness. This study recommends that banks should consistently post timely, engaging, and informative content to increase visibility; improve complaint handling on social media through prompt and complete responses; and strategically use digital platforms to share brand-building narratives such as corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives and customer success stories to enhance public perception.
Copyright (c) 2025 Philomena Effiong Umoren https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Managing Academic Research Output through ResearchGate: Evidence from Federal Universities in South-South Nigeria
The reputation of academic excellence is earned by universities because of the commitment of lecturers to exceptional teaching, learning, research and professional updating. Professional updating by lecturers is assessed by the quality and quantity of their research output. This work therefore examines the role of ResearchGate in the research output of lecturers in federal universities in the South-South Geopolitical Zone of Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design, using structured and validated questionnaire for data collection. The sample size of the study was 576 Lecturers, drawn from the six federal universities in the South-South of Nigeria. Simple random and proportionate sampling techniques were used to select the respondents. A research question was formulated to guide the analysis of data which was done using mean values. The study findings show that ResearchGate do positively impact on and does have significant influence on the research output of the lecturers. Data collected were computed and analysed using simple percentages, frequency tables, and mean values. Based the findings, this study concludes that ResearchGate is replete with resources, tools and features that facilitate research, enhance quality research output as well as academic visibility. It is therefore recommended that lecturers should sustain its usage, get more acquainted with its tools and features in order to achieve quality research output.
Federal Universities in South-South Nigeria
Copyright (c) 2025 Iniobong M. Akai , Imoh C. Uford https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analyzing the Economic Effects of Digital Infrastructure and Internet Accessibility on Nigeria’s Sustainable Development
Digital infrastructure and Internet access have emerged as critical enablers of economic growth and sustainable development, particularly in underserved and rural regions. This study investigates the economic impact of digital technologies in Ebonyi State, Nigeria, highlighting their role in promoting inclusive development and addressing persistent socio-economic challenges. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the paper combines quantitative data from government agencies and telecommunications providers with qualitative insights from interviews conducted with community leaders, business owners, and policy stakeholders. The analysis reveals that enhanced Internet connectivity significantly contributes to increased productivity, improved access to education, healthcare, financial services, and broader economic participation, particularly for marginalized populations. Despite these benefits, the study identifies substantial barriers that hinder the optimal utilization of digital infrastructure. These include inadequate broadband coverage, unreliable power supply, high service costs, and limited digital skills among the populace. To address these challenges, the study recommends strategic public and private sector investments in broadband expansion, regulatory reforms to lower access costs, and the implementation of digital literacy and capacity-building programs. The findings reinforce the transformative potential of digital technologies in accelerating sustainable development and offer policy-relevant insights for stakeholders seeking to bridge the digital divide in similar developing regions and even some developed countries.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ibrahim Musa, Nneoma A. Njoku, Sule Magaji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Investigating Entrepreneurship Competencies Among University Students: A Descriptive-Comparative Study
This descriptive-comparative study examined the self-perceived entrepreneurship competencies of 282 university students across four core domains defined by the entrepreneurship competence framework: ideas and opportunities, personal resources, specific knowledge, and into action. Utilizing both descriptive statistics and inferential analyses (t-tests and Welch’s ANOVA), the study revealed that students generally reported moderately high levels of entrepreneurial competence, particularly in opportunity recognition, resilience, and adaptability. Notably, female students scored significantly higher in the personal resources domain, highlighting a gender-based strength in intrapersonal and interpersonal capacities. Furthermore, significant differences in specific knowledge and overall entrepreneurship competence emerged across household income groups, with students from higher economic backgrounds exhibiting stronger domain-specific knowledge, affirming the influence of socioeconomic status on entrepreneurial development. These findings were interpreted through the theoretical lenses of the Theory of Planned Behavior, Human Capital Theory, and Effectuation Theory. The results suggest that attitudes and perceived behavioral control influence competence perceptions, economic resources shape access to knowledge, and adaptive learning fosters entrepreneurial resilience. Practical implications underscore the need for equity-oriented interventions that scaffold entrepreneurial skills, especially for economically disadvantaged students. This study contributes to the growing literature on entrepreneurship education by offering empirical insights into competence disparities and by proposing inclusive pedagogical strategies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jamicah May Cañete, Dr. Brandon N. Obenza, Gomersindo Jr. C. Telesforo; Maricar R. Toñacao; Remy A. Lapinid, Jenmae D. Mansiguin, Jenalyn D. Yamson, Nargean Empillo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Portable Extension Wire with Manual Cable Reel for Industrial Use
This research innovation relates to a portable extension wire with a manual cable reel mechanism. The device consists of a compact, lightweight housing that contains a spool or reel for winding and unwinding an electrical extension cord. The reel is manually operated, allowing the user to easily extend or retract the cord as needed without the use of any motors or automated mechanisms. The housing is designed to be highly portable, with a carrying handle and compact dimensions that make it easy to transport and store when not in use. The extension cord can be fully extended to provide power access over a wide area, spanning up to 26 feet. When the cord is no longer needed, it can be smoothly retracted back onto the internal reel, neatly storing the cord within the housing. The manual cable reel mechanism provides the user with precise control over the length of cord that is deployed. This helps prevent tangles, kinks, or excess slack in the cord, improving both safety and convenience compared to traditional extension cords that must be manually coiled. The study investigates user satisfaction with the device’s efficiency, durability, safety, and its specific benefits for Bachelor of Industrial Technology students at Cebu Technological University.
Copyright (c) 2025 Cecilia M. Bitbit, Jazlynn Shyne B. Canillo, Eljen B. Basilan, Jomarie B. Buro, Joevet B. Caballes, Joseph A. Ysatam, Spurgeon C. Viajedor, Kenjay N. Cabinas, Alan Bendanillo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Decoding the Key Determinants of Self-Employment in Botswana
Entrepreneurship plays a key role in eliminating unemployment and promoting inclusive economic development, especially in developing countries like Botswana. The determinants of self-employment are analyzed using cross sectional data from the 2015/16 Botswana Multi-Topic Household Survey (BMTHS) and a binary logistic regression model. The key determinants of self-employment include age, citizenship, education level, marital status, and geographical location, which have a significant impact on an individual’s probability of being self-employed. Specifically, older individuals, foreigners, married or widows, and rural dwellers have greater probabilities of being self-employed. The findings also show that individuals with higher education, such as diplomas, job training, and university degrees/other degrees, are negatively correlated with being self-employed, suggesting that the more educated an individual is, the more they prefer wage employment. Also, findings suggest that programs of entrepreneurship need to be diverse by not only focusing on youth but also older people, supporting citizen-owned enterprises, and integrating entrepreneurship training at all education levels. Furthermore, special support should be given to family businesses and rural entrepreneurship development schemes which can encourage more inclusive entrepreneurial growth. Addressing these socio-demographic and spatial disparities by adopting segmented and responsive policies can enhance government efforts at promoting self-employment as a sustainable activity for economic diversification and poverty reduction.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tshepiso Gaetsewe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Assessing the Impact of Foreign Loans, Inflation, and Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth: Evidence from 51 Years of Data in Bangladesh
This research studied 51 years of historical secondary data ranging from 1972 to 2023 to ascertain how foreign loans (FL), inflation rate (INF), and foreign direct investment (FDI) impact the gross domestic product (GDP) and gross national income (GNI) of Bangladesh, an emerging market economy. The study compiled secondary data from multiple sources, such as the World Bank, Bangladesh Bank, macrotrends.net, Bangladesh Economic Review, and Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. It used the multiple linear regression model to assess the impact of FL, INF, and FDI on economic growth. The study results revealed that FL and FDI significantly impact economic growth. It implies that growing FL and FDI can boost the economic growth of an emerging market. It also indicates that external financial flows can significantly strengthen the macroeconomic fundamentals of a country and contribute to inclusive development if appropriately used. Therefore, Bangladesh should maximize the appropriate use of FL and FDI for high-impact projects and create a more suitable setting for FDI through regulatory reform and incentives. It would safeguard macroeconomic stability through integrated fiscal and economic policies, encourage public-private partnerships to get leverage from the use of technical know-how, and enhance sector-specific research to foster sustainable growth. Future studies could build on this work, examining other economic factors such as interest rates, domestic debt, remittances, public and private investment, policy reforms, and governance. In addition, further comparative studies with other emerging countries could be done to gain an inclusive insight into the influence of FL and FDI on economic growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sridipta Saha Jeson, Md. Nazrul Islam, Netai Kumar Saha, Syed Zabid Hossain https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Opportunities and Challenges in Agricultural Product Marketing: A Sociological Analysis of Bamyan Province, Afghanistan
This research aims to sociologically examine the opportunities and challenges of marketing agri-cultural products in Bamyan Province, Afghanistan, and proposes solutions to enhance local, na-tional, and international marketing systems. The study adopts a mixed-methods approach, inte-grating both quantitative and qualitative methodologies to provide a comprehensive analysis. The target population includes farmers from eight districts of Bamyan, as well as educated individuals, experts, and employees from government and non-governmental organizations. Data was collected through interviews, focus group discussions, and structured questionnaires. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS, while qualitative data were processed through MAXQDA, following a mixed-method analytical framework. The findings reveal that agriculture serves as the primary source of income for households in Bamyan, playing a pivotal role in sustaining livelihoods. Key crops include potatoes, wheat, and beans, with apricots being particularly significant in districts such as Kahmard. However, most farmers lack formal marketing training and rely on traditional methods and local intermediaries. This, combined with inadequate infrastructure and limited access to na-tional and international markets, significantly reduces profitability and negatively impacts living standards. Additionally, the lack of coordination among farmers underscores weaknesses in forming effective agricultural cooperatives. Social institutions and marketing support committees, particularly in the post-Republic era, have shown limited activity. Women’s participation in agri-cultural production and marketing is further constrained by social norms and a lack of training, limiting their economic contributions. Based on these findings, the study recommends several measures to address these challenges. These include developing adequate infrastructure, enhancing marketing training programs, and formulating supportive policies to improve marketing systems and increase farmers’ income. Strengthening agricultural cooperatives, promoting gender-inclusive training, and fostering better coordination among stakeholders are also critical to ensuring sus-tainable agricultural development in Bamyan Province.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ramazan Ahmadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Exchange Rates of Currencies, Volatility of Bitcoin Returns and Value at Risk (VaR) Analysis
There has been an increase in curiosity about the relationship between the returns on Bitcoins and returns on exchange rates in the last few years. This is especially important since Bitcoin is becoming more and more well-liked as a substitute for fiat money. This study therefore estimates the dynamic impact of exchange rates and their returns on Bitcoin return and also the value-at-risk (VaR) associated with each exchange rate and Bitcoin. The variance series derived from an estimation of the variations between the current and historical prices of Bitcoin using the exponential generalised autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (EGARCH) model was used to compute data on Bitcoin volatility. Accordingly, return on Bitcoins was modelled as the natural logarithm of the difference between current day Bitcoin price and previous day price. The joint ARMA-FIGARCH models were estimated in this study to model the returns on Bitcoins transactions and currency trading rates based on time series from February 1, 2010 to August 30, 2024. The research findings underscore the presence of a significant dynamic adjustment of Bitcoin returns to exchange rate returns across all countries. This goes to indicate that there is a high possibility of incurring losses when making investments with digital currencies like Bitcoin. The originality of the paper lies on the fact the research assessed the effect of returns on currency exchange rates of rich countries and also estimated the dynamic effect of Bitcoin returns on exchange rates of the selected countries. The study establishes a substantial volatility feedback effect for returns on Bitcoins, whereas for each of the currencies, the incidence of a less significant volatility feedback effect was made evident. Investors in the foreign exchange market who chose to maximize profits at a lower risk, trading with the pound sterling/US dollar rate, the Euro/US dollar rate, the Australian dollar/US dollar rate; Canadian dollar/US dollar rate, Swiss Franc/dollar rate, New Zealand dollar/US dollar rate, and Luxembourg Franc/US dollar rate are profitable options. In policy circles, monitoring volatility dynamics is crucial for promoting forex market stability and investor confidence. This research benefits policy makers and marketers of financial assets in OECD countries.
Copyright (c) 2025 David Umoru, Beauty Igbinovia, Anthony A. Ekeoba, Georgina O. Asemota, Umole Igienekpemhe Mohammad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Outsourcing and Organizational Performance in Fast-Food Businesses in Benin Metropolis
Across sectors and industries, the strategic imperative of outsourcing in supporting organizational performance has been emphasized. In this study we focused on outsourcing and organizational performance in the fast-food businesses in Benin City, Nigeria. Specifically, we explored three dimensions of outsourcing – business process outsourcing (BPO), knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) and information technology outsourcing (ITO) - and their effects on organizational performance. A cross-sectional design was adopted and executed through a survey. In accomplishing the study objectives, the 196 employees of the two selected food organizations, being the entire population of the sampled food organizations, were invited to respond to the research instrument. An appropriately structured 28 item research instrument prepared in a 5-point Likert format was used for data collection to assess the variables investigated. The hypotheses were tested with multiple regression at 5% level of significance. The findings of the study showed that all the three dimensions of outsourcing explored had significant effect on the performance of the sampled fast-food business-es in Benin City Metropolis. Appropriate recommendations in line with the findings of the study were proffered.
Copyright (c) 2025 Samuel Adedoyin, Godwin Akhimien https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Trade Balance Dynamics under the Influence of Structural Adjustment Mechanisms
Nigeria’s trade balance is influenced by key macroeconomic variables, particularly those shaped by structural adjustment policies. This study investigates the effects of GDP, inflation, and exchange rate depreciation on Nigeria’s trade balance, aiming to provide deeper insights into their long-term relationships. Specifically, the research examines how these factors contribute to trade performance and economic stability. To achieve this, the study employs econometric techniques, including the Unit Root Test (Augmented Dickey-Fuller), the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds Co-integration test, ARDL-Error Correction Model (ECM), and the cumulative sum (CUSUM) chart for stability diagnostics. Analysis of data from 1996 to 2022 reveals a positive long-run relationship between GDP, inflation, and trade balance, while exchange rate depreciation has a significant negative effect. This suggests that while economic growth and moderate inflation may support trade, excessive currency depreciation weakens Nigeria’s trade balance. These findings underscore the need for policies that manage exchange rate volatility, promote economic diversification, and stabilize inflation to enhance trade performance. The study recommends long-term structural reforms that reduce dependence on oil exports, strengthen the non-oil sector, and ensure exchange rate stability. A well-coordinated macroeconomic framework integrating monetary and fiscal measures is essential for maintaining a stable and favorable trade balance. Ensuring sustainable economic growth while fostering an export-driven economy will be critical in improving Nigeria’s trade performance and overall economic resilience.
Copyright (c) 2025 Martin Okokon Ufi, Omotayo Emmanuel Olanipekun, Uzochukwudinma Awele Otakpor https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on The Growth of Nigeria’s Economy: (A Case of the Manufacturing Sector 1980-2023)
This study examines the impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on the growth of Nigeria’s Economy: (A case of manufacturing sector between 1980-2023) using the Ordinary Least Squares method of estimation. Descriptive statistic, trend analysis, ADF unit root were initially prepared. It was indicated that all the variables were stationary at level and first difference I(0) and I(1). The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration revealed that FDI has significant relationship with manufacturing output and inversely related (-2.02E-09) in short-run but positively related (0.00) in the long-run. Exchange rate (-0.04) was negatively related with manufacturing output in short-run but positively related in the long-run (0.19) Inflation rate (0.12) and (0.90) has positive impact of growth of Nigeria’s manufacturing output and statistically significant in the long-run. More so, capacity utilization rate (0.08) and (0.04) was insignificant both in short and long-run ARDL model reparameterized into Error Correction Model (ECM) revealed the long-run equilibrium was corrected in the current period at an adjustment speed of 62%, statistically significant and negatively signed. Based on the findings, it was recommended that the government ought to come up with more pleasant economic policies and business environment, which will attract FDI into virtually all the sectors of the economy. On the issue of corruption and diversion of funds from FDI inflows, agencies established to fight corruption such as Economic and Financial Crimes Commission and Independent Corrupt Practices Commission should be seen to do their jobs to convince both foreigners and nationals that Nigeria is safe for investment. There is need to encourage and accelerate the factors that affect productivity in the manufacturing sector of the country especially manpower and skills for as long as productivity is low, there cannot be a meaningful growth in the manufacturing sector.
Copyright (c) 2025 O. B. A. Amos ; S. A. J. Obansa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Machine Learning-Driven Export Forecasting: A Comparative Analysis for MSME Growth
Micro, small, and medium enterprises play a fundamental role in economic devel-opment by fostering employment, innovation, and international trade. However, these enterprises face substantial challenges in volatile global trade conditions, necessitating accurate forecasting methodologies for effective strategic planning. This study aims to evaluate and compare traditional time series models and advanced machine learning techniques in predicting export trends. The research employs Double Exponential Smoothing and Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average alongside Support Vector Regression, Random Forest, and Extreme Gradient Boosting to assess forecasting accuracy. Performance metrics including Root Mean Square Error, Mean Square Error, Mean Absolute Error, Mean Absolute Percentage Error, and R-Square are utilized for model evaluation. Results indicate that while traditional time series models provide foundational forecasting insights, they are outperformed by machine learning techniques. Among these, Random Forest demonstrates the highest predictive accuracy and reliability. However, Extreme Gradient Boosting exhibits near-perfect met-rics, necessitating further scrutiny to address potential overfitting. The study empha-sises the necessity of integrating traditional and machine learning methodologies to enhance forecasting precision. These insights are valuable for policymakers, re-searchers, and industry practitioners seeking to strengthen export strategies and sus-tain economic growth.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shashi Kumar R, Dr Basavaraj M.S., Dr Vengalrao Pachava https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Best Econometrics Model for Forecasting Equity Market Returns in Developing Countries
The emerging market economies are fast improving in terms of the real sector and financial sector growth. This is due to the role played by equity market that facilitates re-allocation of funds. This paper aims to find the best GARCH model for forecasting stock returns of emerging markets, and besides to use maximum likelihood estimation method based on the Marquardt algorithm to estimate how returns respond to market news. It was observed the best model for predicting return in equity markets of Tunisia, Kenya, and Sudan is exponential GARCH with general error distribution (GED). For Egypt, Mauritius, South Africa, Namibia, and Nigeria, the gjrGARCH (1,1) with Student’s-t distributions performs best. These market returns react differently to market news relating to them. Whereas, sGARCH with Gaussian normal distribution is mostly suitable for analysing symmetric responses of return to market news, implying returns in these markets does not react differently to market news. These findings have policy implications for investors in these respective economies. Amongst others, the study advises investors, particularly those in the equity market where volatility decays slowly and the market where volatility responds asymmetrically to be watchful as these could pose significant threat to their market portfolios. Investors in these markets, particularly those in the equity market where volatility decays slowly and the market where volatility responds asymmetrically, be watchful, as these could pose a significant threat to their market portfolio.
Copyright (c) 2024 David Umoru, Beauty Igbinovia, Lawrence Egbaju https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0